High CO2 concentration in the atmosphere impoverishes rice farmland

The high concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere is a double-edged sword, as it has an impact on global food security and climate emergency. According to the conclusion of an international research team involving CREAF, a high concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere reduces by more than 20% the availability of phosphorus in soils where rice is grown, an essential fertiliser mineral for a productive soil. This result is part of two unique long-term experiments in which, for the first time, rice fields have been studied under conditions of high carbon dioxide. The article Reduced phosphorus availability in paddy soils under atmospheric CO₂ enrichment has been published in the journal Nature Geoscience and involved experts from Australia, Spain, Canada, USA, France and China.

55% of large rice fields will experience higher risk of yield reduction due to phosphorus deficiency, especially in China and India.

The article projects a great risk of rice yield reduction, especially in low-income countries, a situation that places them in adverse conditions and further widens economic inequality due to CO₂ emissions and impacts on geochemical processes. The conclusions show that 55% of large rice paddy fields in China and India will experience increased risk of yield reduction due to phosphorus deficiency. In relative terms, low-income countries (apart from China and India, especially those located in South East Asia, Central America, South America, Africa and the Middle East) will experience more critical situations, with 70% of paddy fields expected to suffer higher yield reduction risks, compared to 52% in middle and high-income countries..

"In the short term, the plants benefit from the fertilising effect of the high CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere. In the long term, however, the rice crops are deprived of phosphorus and the soil is impoverished, so that plant growth is compromised".

JOSEP PEÑUELAS, CREAF and CSIC researcher.

70% of rice fields in low-income areas will suffer higher yield reduction risks, compared to 52% of crops in middle- and high-income countries.

The work has revealed a contradiction: while atmospheric CO₂ is the main source of carbon for crops, its high concentration in the atmosphere limits the presence of phosphorus fertilizer in the soil in the long term. This mineral is essential for the metabolism and growth of plants in agricultural soils. According to CREAF and CSIC researcher Josep Peñuelas, "in the short term, plants can take advantage of the high concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. However, in the long term, rice crops are deprived of phosphorus due to the high CO2 content and the soil becomes impoverished".

As a consequence, this compromises food security in a context of global population growth where rice plays a major role.

A global challenge

Phosphorus chemical fertiliser is unevenly distributed around the world and is made from rock phosphate, a non-renewable resource. A 70% of its reserves are found in Morocco and Western Sahara, and many countries depend on imports for its availability. Sustained deficits can therefore lead to limited agricultural yields in certain regions of the world. Moreover, this situation may worsen in the future as atmospheric CO₂ levels continue to rise, limiting the presence of phosphorus.

The scientific team calls for urgent planning of international phosphorus management strategies that take into account future global changes.

The situation poses an international socio-political challenge in terms of access to this mineral with fertiliser capacity. "The difficulty of countries with less purchasing power to fertilise their farmland with phosphorus supplements is evident and worrying," says researcher Josep Peñuelas. Indeed, during the world food crisis of 2007-2008, the price for phosphate rock and fertilisers increased by 400% in 14 months, indicative of the strong socio-economic instability associated with phosphorus. This price increase has also occurred in 2022.

As an alternative, the scientific team argues that there is an urgent need to plan international phosphorus management strategies that take into account future global changes.

Compensation, a contested alternative

Intensively administering phosphorus to agricultural soil to compensate for its depletion is not a very good alternative, as it is lost through rainwater runoff, erosion and leaching. 

Fertilising agricultural soils seems to be the best way to offset phosphorus reductions caused by atmospheric carbon dioxide in the long term, but it has consequences that need to be avoided. On the one hand, over-fertilisation of arable soil with phosphorus to maximise yields accumulates this mineral in affluent countries that can afford it, mainly in Europe, North America and some in Southeast Asia. And, on the other hand, phosphorus accumulated in the soil is lost through rainwater runoff, erosion and leaching (the loss of water-soluble nutrients). In addition, excessive presence of phosphorus in river and marine waters is the main cause of harmful algal blooms, fish kills in estuaries and coastal waters, and the generation of dead zones, a situation known to science as eutrophication.

For the first time, two scientific experiments have been carried out over 15 and 9 years with rice. FACE (Free Air CO₂ Enrichment) technology has been applied, the most widely used in science to raise the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide and examine the responses of the biosphere. FACE is neither cheap nor easy to maintain, so experiments that apply it for a decade are rare and highly unique around the world.

Reference: Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Song, L., Yuan, J., Li, W., Zhu, Y., Chang, S., Luo, Y., Ciais, P., Peñuelas, J., Wolf, J., et al. Reduced phosphorus availability in paddy soils under atmospheric CO2 enrichment. Nature Geosci. 16, 162–168 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-01105-y